Galactic year

Approximate orbit of the Sun (yellow circle) around the Galactic Centre.

The galactic year, also known as a cosmic year, is the duration of time required for the Solar System to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.[1] Estimates of the length of one orbit range from 225 to 250 million "terrestrial" years.[2]

The galactic year provides a conveniently usable unit for depicting cosmic and geological time periods together. By contrast, a "billion-year" scale does not allow for useful discrimination between geologic events, and a "million-year" scale requires some rather large numbers.[3]

Timeline of universe's and earth's history in galactic years

The following list assumes that 1 galactic year is approximately 225 million years.

about 60 galactic years ago Big Bang
about 59 galactic years ago Birth of the Milky Way
20 galactic years ago Birth of the Sun
16 galactic years ago Oceans appear on Earth
15 galactic years ago Life begins
14 galactic years ago Prokaryotes appear
13 galactic years ago Bacteria appear
10 galactic years ago Stable continents appear
7 galactic years ago Eukaryotes appear
4 galactic years ago Multicellular organisms appear
2.8 galactic years ago Cambrian explosion
1 galactic years ago Great Dying
0.4 galactic years ago K–T extinction event
0.001 galactic years ago Appearance of modern humans
Present day
6 galactic years in the future Sun's habitable zone moves outside of the Earth's orbit
10 galactic years in the future The Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy begin to collide
30 galactic years in the future Sun ejects a planetary nebula, leaving behind a white dwarf
Visualisation of the orbit of the Sun (yellow dot and white curve) around the Galactic Centre (GC) in the last galactic year. The red dots correspond to the positions of the stars studied by the European Southern Observatory in a monitoring programme.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ Cosmic Year, Fact Guru, University of Ottawa
  2. ^ Leong, Stacy (2002). "Period of the Sun's Orbit around the Galaxy (Cosmic Year)". The Physics Factbook. http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2002/StacyLeong.shtml. 
  3. ^ Geologic Time Scale - as 18 galactic rotations
  4. ^ "Milky Way Past Was More Turbulent Than Previously Known". ESO News. European Southern Observatory. 2004-04-06. http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0411/. "After more than 1,000 nights of observations spread over 15 years, they have determined the spatial motions of more than 14,000 solar-like stars residing in the neighbourhood of the Sun."